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Line of succession to the former Romanian throne

note:
As of August 2020.

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

The succession order to the throne of the Romanian monarchy, abolished since 1947, was regulated by the monarchical constitution of 1938, suspended by the Royal Law Decree no. 3052 of September 1940 and the 1884 Law of the Romanian Royal House Rules enacted pursuant to the 1866 Constitution of Romania which had confirmed the enthronement of Prince Karl (Carol) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. The 1938 Constitution stipulated Salic law, according to which the throne was hereditary in King Carol I’s legitimate descent and, if his male issue failed, in the descent of his brothers of the Sigmaringen princely branch of the House of Hohenzollern, according to agnatic primogeniture and to the perpetual exclusion of females and their descendants. The last monarch to reign in Romania was King Michael I, who was born in 1921, abdicated his throne on 30 December 1947 under coercion,[1][2][3] and went into exile in Switzerland. He died on 5 December 2017 in Aubonne, Switzerland.

Present situation

The last King, Michael I, had no sons, nor are there any undisputed legitimate male-line male descendants of the previous kings of Romania.

There are male line descendants of King Carol II: Paul of Romania (b. 1948), his son Carol Ferdinand (b. 2010), and Alexandru Hohenzollern (b. 1961). Paul and Alexandru are the sons of Mircea Carol Hohenzollern, also known as Mircea Carol Grigore of Romania (according to his Romanian birth certificate).[4][5] Mircea Carol (8 August 1920 – 27 January 2006) is the issue of King Carol II’s first marriage to Zizi Lambrino, which marriage had been declared null and void on 18 January 1919 by a Romanian court.[6] In 1955, however, a Portuguese court declared Mircea Carol as former King Carol II’s legitimate son, a ruling later confirmed by a Parisian court[citation needed]. The court rulings allowed him to bear the surname Hohenzollern and to inherit a portion of his father’s properties, but did not confer upon him any dynastic rights to the defunct Romanian throne or rights to bear a princely title and style, despite his use of both.[7] In October 1995 a Romanian court ruling also recognized Mircea Carol as a legitimate son of Carol II, allowing him the right to bear the surname “al României”, a ruling which evoked some speculation that called into question the status of Michael.[8] The court ruling was cited by Paul to assert a right to the title “Prince”.[5] The argument which appears prevalent is that Mircea Carol’s sons would not be entitled to succession rights, due to the non-dynastic nature of their grandparents’ marriage.[6] Moreover, Mircea Carol never claimed any right to the Romanian throne,[9] unlike his son, Paul.

Following King Michael’s abdication, the line of succession was discussed during a meeting between Michael, his uncle Prince Nicholas of Romania, and Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern (1891–1965). Shortly after this meeting, the spokesman of Carol II, in an interview with the French paper Le Figaro, said that Carol, who was not in contact with Michael, strongly supported Prince Frederick, additionally asserting that Michael would never regain the throne.[10]

According to the succession provisions of the kingdom’s suspended constitution, that of 1938, agnatic primogeniture and so-called “Salic law” determine who would inherit the throne. After two intervening changes of regime, that constitution no longer carries legal weight, although the 1884 Law of Romanian Royal House Rules was never abrogated.[11] It must also be said that the remaining current German Hohenzollerns in the succession line descend from the previously mentioned Prince Frederick and his brother Prince Franz Joseph, the sons of Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (Wilhelm’s father, Prince Leopold renounced his rights in 1880), who renounced his rights to the Romanian throne, on 20 December 1886,[12] in favor of his younger brother, the future King Ferdinand.[13]

Male-preference primogeniture

On 30 December 2007, the 60th anniversary of his loss of the throne, the former King Michael issued the Fundamental Rules of the Royal House of Romania.[14] in which he again appealed to the Romanian Parliament to alter the Salic Law of succession, should the Romanian nation and Parliament consider restoring the monarchy in the future,[14] and calling for the first in line of succession to be Michael’s eldest daughter, newly titled “Crown Princess of Romania” and “Custodian of the Romanian Crown”. This decree was explicitly based on “the values of Romanian society” and on EU legislation, specifically the European Convention on Human Rights (which, however, does not guarantee any right to reign as a monarch in any country). The document clarifies the order of inheritance of Michael’s fortune and claim to the Romanian throne. The private castles of the former monarch in Romania – Săvârșin and Pelișor – are to be held by the successor in this line.

It is an act with eminently symbolic importance in the absence of its approval by the Parliament,[11][15] and the declaration is alleged by some to be undemocratic.[16]

It also attempts to replace the 1884 Statutory Law. According to this private statute Michael had, in 1997, already designated his oldest child (Margareta) as successor to “all” his “prerogatives and rights”, indicating his desire for a gender-blind succession to the throne.[17][18] Only the Parliament could amend the succession rules together with the Constitution in which they had been included, assuming the monarchy were first restored.

The line of succession, as published in Addendum I of the 2007 Statute, modified by Michael in 2014 to remove his daughter Irina and her children and grandchildren,[19] and then modified again in 2015 to remove his grandson Nicholas,[20] consists of:[14]

  • King Michael I (1921–2017)
    • Princess Margareta (born 1949)
    • (1) Princess Elena (b. 1950)
      • (2) Elisabeta Karina de Roumanie Medforth-Mills (b. 1989)
    • (3) Princess Sophie (b. 1957)
      • (4) Elisabeta Maria de Roumanie Biarneix (b. 1999)
    • (5) Princess Marie (b. 1964)

 

 

As the above list exhausts all the dynastic members of the present Royal House of former king Michael I, the line would not continue with the German Hohenzollerns mentioned above. In fact, this private Statute through Addendum I, explicitly allows only direct descendants of King Michael as dynasts; unlike the old succession rules, the German Hohenzollerns are no longer mentioned as potential dynasts. Contrary to a specific provision of the 1923 Constitution, the private Statute bars from the succession any prince from another, foreign dynasty.

According to the former President of Romania Traian Băsescu, who does not appreciate Crown Princess Margareta’s husband,[21] the Romanians seem to think that were the monarchy restored, Radu would become their king (king consort), something which, according to Băsescu, impacts negatively the Romanians’ public perception of the idea of monarchy.[22][23]

Succession by Salic law

  • Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern (1835–1905)
    • Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1864–1927)[12]
      • Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern (1891–1965)
        • Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1924–2010)
          • Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern (born 1952)
            • (1) Alexander, Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern (b. 1987)
          • (2) Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern (b. 1954)
          • (3) Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern (b. 1960)
            • (4) Prince Aloys of Hohenzollern (b. 1999)
            • (5) Prince Fidelis of Hohenzollern (b. 2001)
        • Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (1932–2016)
          • (6) Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern (b. 1962)
            • (7) Prince Nicolas of Hohenzollern (b. 1999)
          • (8) Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern (b. 1966)
        • (9) Prince Ferfried of Hohenzollern (b. 1943)
      • Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern (1891–1964)
        • Prince Emanuel of Hohenzollern (1929–1999)
          • (10) Prince Carl Alexander of Hohenzollern (b. 1970)
    • King Ferdinand I (1865–1927)
      • King Carol II (1893–1953)
        • Carol Lambrino (1920–2006) X
          • Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern (b. 1948) X
            • Carol Ferdinand (b. 2010) X
          • Alexander Hohenzollern (b. 1961) X
        • King Michael I (1921–2017)

Notes:

X Excluded due to the annulment of Carol II’s marriage to Zizi Lambrino.

 

 

In case of the extinction without any direct male heirs of all eligible Hohenzollerns or of their refusal to accept the throne, according to article 35 of the last royal Constitution of Romania from 1938,[24] the throne becomes vacant. In this situation, article 35 provided that the last reigning king had the right to nominate a foreign prince from a reigning dynasty of Western Europe as successor, subject to the Parliament’s approval as required by article 36. The Parliament incurs the final responsibility, according to article 36, of electing a king from a reigning dynasty of Western Europe if, prior to his investiture, he had committed to raise his descendants in the Eastern Orthodox faith to comply with article 34 of the Constitution.

In 1997, Romanian monarchist leaders asked former King Michael to designate a male heir presumptive from the German branch of the family, in keeping with the rules of the last royal constitution. Under the influence of his wife Anne, the former King rejected the request and, at the end of 1997, he illegally designated his first born, Princess Margarita, as heir presumptive.[25]

In a 2009 interview, Karl Friedrich, then Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern, stated that he was not interested in the Romanian throne.[26]

Line of Succession in December 1947

  • Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern (1835–1905)
    • Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1864–1927)[12]
      • (2) Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern (b. 1891)
        • (3) Friedrich Wilhelm, Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern (b. 1924)
        • (4) Prince Franz Josef of Hohenzollern (b. 1926)
        • (5) Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (b. 1932)
        • (6) Prince Ferfried of Hohenzollern (b. 1943)
      • (7) Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern (b. 1891)
        • (8) Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern (b. 1922)
        • (9) Prince Meinrad Leopold of Hohenzollern (b. 1925)
        • (10) Prince Emanuel of Hohenzollern (b. 1929)
    • King Ferdinand I (1865–1927)
      • King Carol II (b. 1893)
        • Carol Lambrino (b. 1920) X
        • King Michael I (b. 1921)
      • (1) Prince Nicholas of Romania (1903-1978)
    • Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern (1868–1919)
      • (11) Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern (1898-1977)
        • (12) Prince Godehard of Hohenzollern (1939-2001)

Line of succession to the former Saxon thrones

note:
As of July 2020.

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

Albertine Wettins

Royal House of Saxony

The Kingdom of Saxony was abolished in 1918 when King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony abdicated. The succession law until the abolition of the monarchy was semi-Salic primogeniture and required the successor to be born of an equal marriage, approved in advance by the head of the house.[1] Accordingly, the last undisputed male member of the family was Prince Albert of Saxony, who assumed the headship of the royal house and the title Margrave of Meissen upon the death of his brother the Margrave Maria Emanuel in July 2012. This was challenged, however, by his nephew Prince Alexander of Saxe-Gessaphe who also claimed the headship based on a 1997 agreement, and who is said to have reached an agreement with Albert just prior to the funeral of Maria Emanuel which recognised Alexander as the dynasty’s heir.[2] With the death of Albert in October 2012 the dispute continued with Prince Rüdiger of Saxony, the only agnatic great grandson of the last King of Saxony, claiming the headship.

The conflict over the headship stems from the fact that the last undisputed head of the house Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, and the other princes of his generation either had no children or, in the case of Prince Timo, had children (including Prince Rüdiger of Saxony) who were not recognised by Margrave Maria Emanuel as dynastic members of the Royal House of Saxony.[3][4] The first designated dynastic heir of Maria Emanuel was his and Albert’s nephew Prince Johannes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, only son of their youngest sister Princess Mathilde of Saxony by her marriage to Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, dynast of a ducal branch of the House of Wettin senior patrilineally to the royal branch.[4]

In 2014 the Deutscher Adelsrechtsausschuss (basically a deciding body of the associations of the German nobility with regard to questions of historical nobility law) issued an expert opinion that the Albertine line of the House of Wettin became extinct with the death of Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen in 2012. None of the remaining family members, who bear the legal surname “Prinz von Sachsen Herzog zu Sachsen”, are allowed to use the style His/Her Royal Highness. Because there is no longer a head of the royal house, no family member has the right to use the title Margrave of Meissen.[5][6]

Claim of Alexander, Margrave of Meissen

After the early death of Prince Johannes, the heirless Maria Emanuel then considered as potential heir another nephew, Alexander Afif, the eldest son of Princess Anna of Saxony and her husband Roberto Afif, despite the fact Alexander was only a female line Wettin descendant whose parents’ marriage had, at the time, been morganatic,[3] and were contrary to the house laws of the Saxon royal house and of the Saxon Kingdom’s constitution, both of which required equal marriage for descendants to inherit dynastic rights.[1][4][7]

On 14 May 1997 the Margrave of Meissen proposed his nephew Alexander Afif as heir and drew up a document that was signed by the other male and female members of the royal house (including previously non-dynastic spouses of princes) setting out that Alexander would succeed on his death. The document was signed by:

  • Anastasia, Margravine of Meissen (born 1940), the Margrave’s wife
  • Prince Albert of Saxony (1934–2012), the Margrave’s younger brother
  • Princess Elmira of Saxony (born 1930), Prince Albert’s wife
  • Prince Dedo of Saxony (1922–2009), the Margrave’s cousin. He also signed on behalf of:
    • his brother Prince Gero of Saxony (1925–2003)
    • his stepmother Princess Virginia of Saxony (1910–2002), widow of Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony
  • Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (born 1928), the Margrave’s sister
  • Princess Anna of Saxony (1929–2012), the Margrave’s sister
  • Princess Mathilde of Saxony (1936-2018), the Margrave’s sister
  • Princess Erina of Saxony (1921–2010), widow of the Margrave’s cousin Prince Timo of Saxony.[8]

Two years later on 1 July 1999 the Margrave adopted his nephew Alexander Afif.[9]

Until his adoption, Alexander had used the title Alexander, Prince of Saxe-Gessaphe since 1972,[10] based on his claim to patrilineal descent from a Maronite Christian family of historical emirs and sheikhs in Lebanon, the “Afif” (or Gessaphe) dynasty.[11][12][12] Some sources now attribute princely rank to this family,[11] while others have ascribed to it a lesser status.[4] Since Alexander had fathered three sons and a daughter by his 1987 marriage to Princess Gisela of Bavaria (b. 1964),[13] his selection as heir offered the likelihood of compliance with the dynasty’s traditional marital rules for another generation.

The 1997 agreement proved to be controversial and in the summer of 2002 three of the signatories, Princes Albert, Dedo and Gero (the latter consented via proxy but had not personally signed the document)[14] retracted their support for the agreement.[2][15] The following year Prince Albert wrote that it is through Prince Ruediger and his sons that the direct line of the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin will continue, and thus avoid becoming extinct.[16] Until his death, however, the Margrave, as head of the former dynasty, continued to regard his nephew and adopted son, Prince Alexander, as the contractual heir entitled to succeed.[17]

Immediately following the death of Maria Emanuel in July 2012, Prince Albert assumed the position of head of the Royal House of Saxony.[2] According to the Eurohistory Journal prior to the Margrave’s funeral Albert met with his nephew, Alexander and recognised him as Margrave of Meissen.[2][18] However this claim is contradicted by Albert himself in his final interview, given after the funeral, where he states that he needs recognition as Margrave of Meissen.[19] Prince Alexander, citing the 1997 agreement has also assumed the headship.[2][20] Albert, Margrave of Meissen died at a hospital in Munich on 6 October 2012 at the age of 77.

Prior to the requiem for Margrave Maria Emanuel, Ruediger, who had sought to be recognised by his uncle as a dynastic member of the House of Saxony but was refused, conducted a demonstration outside the cathedral with Saxon royalists in protest against the late Margrave Maria Emanuel’s decision to appoint Alexander as heir.[21] Following Albert’s death, Prince Ruediger declared himself as the head of the house.[22]

In a joint statement of 23 June 2015, the heads of the three remaining branches of the senior Ernestine line of the House of Wettin, Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Konrad, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, declared that, according to the house law of the House of Wettin and to traditional princely succession rules, Alexander Afif, bearing the name Prince of Saxony by adoption, were neither a member of nobility nor of the House of Wettin, nor had he succeeded Maria Emanuel as head of the Albertine branch (the Royal House of Saxony), nor were he entitled to style himself Margrave of Meissen.[23]

The line of succession within the Saxe-Gessaphe line is:

  • Margrave Alexander (born 1954)[24]
    • (1) Prince Georg Philipp (b. 1988)[24]
    • (2) Prince Mauricio (b. 1989)[24]
    • (3) Prince Paul-Clemens (b. 1993)[24]

 

 

Claim of Rüdiger, Margrave of Meissen

The other claimant to the headship of the Royal House is Prince Rüdiger of Saxony, the only direct male line great grandson of the last king of Saxony. He was born into the cadet Moritzburg branch of the Royal House of Saxony, which was named after the palace where his grandfather and the founder of the branch Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony lived and where Ruediger and his family returned to after German reunification. Prince Ernst Heinrich had three sons the Princes Dedo (1922-2009), Timo (1923-1982) and Gero (1925-2003), however only Prince Timo married and had issue including an only son Prince Ruediger. Like the Afif-Saxony marriage, the marriage of Ruediger’s father to his mother Margrit Lucas was also morganatic.

If equality requirements are discarded as a direct male line descendant of the kings of Saxony the head of the Royal House is Prince Ruediger. The last surviving undisputed male dynast Prince Albert wrote in 2003 that it will be through Prince Ruediger and his sons that the direct line of the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin will continue, and thus avoid becoming extinct.[25] Prince Ruediger himself never accepted the 1997 agreement and when asked for his opinion on who the eventual successor to Maria Emanuel should be he replied that it should be himself.[26]

Following the death of Maria Emanuel in July 2012, Prince Ruediger recognised Prince Albert as the new Margrave of Meissen and head of the Royal House of Saxony. According to the family website prior to his death Albert determined Ruediger to be his successor and instituted a clear succession plan.[27] On this basis following Albert’s death Prince Ruediger assumed the headship of the house.[28]

The Moritzburg branch, in order of primogeniture, is:

  • Margrave Ruediger (born 1953)[24]
    • (1) Prince Daniel (b. 1975)[24]
      • (2) Prince Gero (b. 2015)[29]
    • (3) Prince Arne (b. 1977)[24]
    • (4) Prince Nils (b. 1978)[24]
      • (5) Prince Moritz (b. 2009)[24]

 

 

Claim of Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern

Yet another potential successor to the former monarchy’s royal crown, due to the semi-Salic succession law used in Saxony, is Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern. He is the eldest son and heir of Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1924–2010), who was the son of Princess Margaret of Saxony (1900–1962), the eldest aunt of Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen. The succession would fall to Prince Karl Friedrich in case the marriage of Anna, the mother of the Saxe-Gessaphe claimant and elder sister of the margrave, is deemed non-dynastic despite the actions of the margrave and agnates to de-morganatize it.

His claim would also depend upon there having been no family pact (Erbverbrüderung) which allocated the kingdom to another dynasty upon extinction of the royal Wettins’ male line, since Saxony’s constitution explicitly recognized the validity of such pacts.[1][30] After Karl Friedrich, who had also been considered in the line of succession to the defunct throne of Romania, there is also a line of succession potentially applicable to the Saxon royal claim.

Line of Succession in November 1918

  • George, King of Saxony (1832–1904)
    • Frederick Augustus III of Saxony (born 1865)
      • (1) Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony (born 1893)
      • (2) Prince Friedrich Christian of Saxony (born 1893)
      • (3) Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony (born 1896)
    • (4) Prince Johann Georg of Saxony (born 1869)
    • Prince Maximilian of Saxony (born 1870), renounced succession rights

Ernestine Wettins

In the house laws of the Kingdom of Saxony, succession is restricted to the Albertinischer Linie, a term which referred exclusively to Wettin dynasts of the royal branch, male and female, eligible to inherit Saxony’s throne,[1] and may constitute exclusion of claims by Ernestine agnates of the other branch of the House of Wettin. Paragraph 6 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Saxony, however, states: Die Krone ist erblich in dem Mannsstamme des Sächsischen Fürstenhauses nach dem Rechte der Erstgeburt und der agnatischen Linealfolge, vermöge Abstammung aus ebenbürtiger Ehe. (“The crown is hereditary in the male line of the Saxon princely house in accordance with the principle of primogeniture and agnatic lineal succession, by virtue of descent from equal marriage”). Since the “Sächsischen Fürstenhauser” included all dynastic members of the various branches of the House of Wettin which ruled the Ernestine duchies until 1918, any of these agnates fit this requirement and might, theoretically, claim the royal Saxon throne in accordance with primogeniture.[improper synthesis?] This rationale could make the titular Grand Duke of Saxony, Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, the royal heir by primogeniture after extinction of the Albertine branch (which is the most junior line of the House of Wettin although it alone attained the rank of a kingdom within Germany).

One or more of the Ernestine Wettins may also have claims superior to descendants of both female and de-morganatized Albertine dynasts if an Erbverbrüderung had been signed between the Albertine and any of the Ernestine branches of the dynasty. There are a number of extant lines of the House of Wettin (Weimar, Meiningen and Coburg; and the most junior of them, Coburg, includes the sub-branches of Windsor, Coburg proper, Koháry, Bulgaria and Belgium) who ruled the various Ernestine duchies and other realms.

It should, again, be borne in mind that Saxony’s royal constitution required that any successor to the throne be born of an equal (ebenbürtig) marriage, therefore Wettins who may qualify as dynastic princes under other house laws, might not be eligible under royal Saxon law:

Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

  • Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1876–1923)
    • Hereditary Grand Duke Carl August (1912–1988), Head of the Grand Ducal House (1923-1988)
      • Prince Michael (born 1946), Head of the Grand Ducal House (since 1988)[24][31]
    • Prince Bernhard (1917–1986)
      • (1) Prince Wilhelm Ernst (b. 1946)[24][31]

 

 

Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen

  • Duke Georg II (1826–1914)
    • Prince Ernst (1859–1941), Head of the Ducal House (1928-1941)
      • Has living male non-dynastic descendants the Barons von Saalfeld
    • Prince Friedrich (1861–1914)
      • Prince Bernhard (1901–1984), Head of the Ducal House (1946-1984)
        • Frederick, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (1935-2004), non-dynastical member by the first morganatical marriage of his father
          • Friedrich Constantin, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (born 1980), possible successor of the Head of the Ducal House
        • Prince Konrad (born 1952), Head of the Ducal House (since 1984)[24]

 

 

Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) in 1863, and Arthur, Duke of Connaught in 1899, both deferred their rights and those of their descendants to the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in favor of their nephew, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany. These deferrals are not relevant to the royal Saxon succession, however British dynasts may have contracted marriages that would be considered morganatic by royal Saxon standards. If not, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester is the senior descendant in the British male line of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Otherwise, in 1932 Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold (son of Duke Charles Edward) made a non-dynastic marriage whereupon, under the then house laws, his descendants lost any rights to the succession of the ducal throne. The present Head of the Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is Prince Andreas, the grandson of Charles Edward, last reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

  • Duke Franz (1750–1806)
    • Duke Ernst I (1784–1844)
      • Prince Albert (1819–1861)
        • King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1841–1910)
          • British Royal Family
        • Prince Leopold (1853–1884)
          • Duke Carl Eduard (1884–1954)
            • Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold (1906–1972)
              • Has living male non-dynastic descendants
            • Prince Friedrich Josias (1918–1998), Head of the Ducal House (1954-1998)
              • Prince Andreas (born 1943), Head of the Ducal House (since 1998)[24][31]
                • (1) Hereditary Prince Hubertus (b. 1975)[24][31]
                  • (2) Prince Philipp (b. 2015)[24][31]
                • (3) Prince Alexander (b. 1977)[24][31]
              • Prince Adrian (1955–2011)
                • Has living male non-dynastic descendants[24][31]
    • Prince Ferdinand (1785–1851)
      • Prince August (1818–1881)
        • Prince Ludwig August (1845–1907)
          • Prince August Leopold (1867–1922)
            • Prince Philipp Josias (1901–1985)
              • Has living male non-dynastic descendants[24][31]
        • King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (1861–1948)
          • Bulgarian Royal Family[31]
    • King Leopold I of Belgium (1790–1865)
      • Belgian Royal Family

    •  

     

    Lines of Succession in November 1918

    Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
    • Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1757–1828)
      • Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1783–1853)
        • Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1818–1901)
          • Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1844–1894)
            • William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (born 1876)
              • (1) Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1912)
              • (2) Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1917)
      • Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1792–1862)
        • Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1825–1901)
          • (3) Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1853)
    Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen
    • Duke Georg II (1826–1914)
      • Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (born 1851)
      • (1) Prince Ernst (b. 1859)
        • Had living male non-dynastic descendants the Barons von Saalfeld
      • Prince Friedrich (1861–1914)
        • (2) Prince Georg (b. 1892)
        • (3) Prince Bernhard (b. 1901)
    Ducal House of Saxe-Altenburg
    • Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (born 1871)
      • (1) Georg Moritz, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Altenburg (b.1900)
      • (2) Prince Frederick Ernst (b. 1905)
    Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    • Duke Franz (1750–1806)
      • Duke Ernst I (1784–1844)
        • Prince Albert (1819–1861)
          • King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1841–1910)
            • King George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1865) (British dynasts considered to forfeit succession rights)
              • Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1894)
              • Prince Albert of the United Kingdom (b. 1895)
              • Prince Henry of the United Kingdom (b. 1900)
              • Prince George of the United Kingdom (b. 1902)
              • Prince John of the United Kingdom (b. 1905)
          • Duke Alfred (1844–1900)
          • Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (b. 1850)
            • Prince Arthur of Connaught (b. 1883)
              • Prince Alastair of Connaught (b. 1912)
          • Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853–1884)
            • Duke Carl Eduard (born 1884)
              • (1) Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold (b. 1906)
              • (2) Prince Hubertus (b. 1909)
      • Prince Ferdinand (1785–1851)
        • King Ferdinand II of Portugal (1816–1885)
          • King Luís I of Portugal (1838–1889)
            • King Carlos I of Portugal (1863–1908)
              • (3) King Manuel II of Portugal (b. 1889)
            • (4) Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto (b. 1865)
        • Prince August (1818–1881)
          • (5) Prince Philipp (b. 1844)
          • Prince Ludwig August (1845–1907)
            • (6) Prince Pedro Augusto (b. 1866)
            • (7) Prince August Leopold (b. 1867)
              • (8) Prince Rainier (b. 1900)
              • (9) Prince Philipp Josias (b. 1901)
              • (10) Prince Ernst (b. 1907)
            • (11) Prince Ludwig Gaston (b. 1870)
              • (12) Prince Antonius (b. 1901)
          • (13) King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (b. 1861)
            • (14) King Boris III of Bulgaria (b. 1893)
            • (15) Kiril, Prince of Preslav (b. 1895)
      • Leopold I of Belgium (1790–1865)
        • Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders (1837–1905)
          • King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875) (Belgian dynasts considered to forfeit succession rights)
            • Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant (b. 1901)
            • Prince Charles, Count of Flanders (b. 1903)

Line of succession to the former Hanoverian throne : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

note:
As of July 2020.
This article based on the Wikipedia’s same name article.
However, it doesn’t number Prince Nicolás (b. 2020).

That Wikipedia’s article has deleted by Wikipedians.

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

The following is the Line of succession to the former Hanoverian throne:

The Kingdom of Hanover was abolished in 1866 and the Duchy of Brunswick in 1918. The Hanoverian royal family was also deprived of the Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale in 1919. The current senior male-line descendant of George III of the United Kingdom and head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, Prince of Hanover, titular King of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick, and Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. The Succession Law in Hanover and Brunswick is semi-salic, allowing for female succession but only on the extinction of the male line of the house.[1]

  • King George V of Hanover (1819–1878)
    • Prince Ernst August, Crown Prince of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (1845–1923)
      • Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick (1887–1953)
        • Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover (1914–1987)
          • Ernst August, Prince of Hanover (b. 1954)
            • (1) Prince Ernst August of Hanover (b. 1983)
              • Prince Welf August of Hanover (b. 2019)
            • (2) Prince Christian of Hanover (b. 1985)
              • Prince Nicolás of Hanover (b. 2020)
          • Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover (1955–1988)
            • (3) Prince Otto Heinrich of Hanover (b. 1988)
          • (4) Prince Heinrich Julius of Hanover (b. 1961)
            • (5) Prince Albert of Hanover (b. 1999)
            • (6) Prince Julius of Hanover (b. 2006)
        • Prince George William of Hanover (1915–2006)

 

 

Note: Prince Ernst August, head of the House of Hanover since 1987, refused to give consent to his eldest son Hereditary Prince Ernst August’s marriage to Ekaterina Malysheva. As a result the couple’s children do not hold dynastic rights.[2]

Line of Succession in 1866

  • King George III of Hanover (1738–1820)
    • King George IV of Hanover (1762–1830)
    • King William of Hanover (1765–1837)
    • Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (1771–1851)
      • King George V of Hanover (born 1819)
        • (1) Ernst August, Crown Prince of Hanover (b. 1845)
    • Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850)
      • (2) Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1819)

In the event of the extinction of the above royal line the succession was to pass to the ducal Brunswick line.[1] Living members of that line in 1866 were:

  • Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1771–1815)
    • (3) Charles II, ex reigning Duke of Brunswick (b. 1804)
    • (4) William, Duke of Brunswick (b. 1806)

Line of succession to the former Mecklenburger thrones

In Wikipedia, this article’s name is(was) Line of succession to the former Mecklenburg thrones.

note:
As of August 2020.

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

The line of succession to the Mecklenburg thrones was an ordered list of people eligible to succeed to the grand ducal thrones of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The monarchies in both these states were abolished in 1918 following the outbreak of the November Revolution in the German Empire. Today only the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz survives.

Succession

The Grand Duchies law of succession stated that only males could succeed to the total exclusion of females and so this remains the succession law used by the House today.[1] As a result, the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin became extinct in 2001 on the death of the last male of the House, Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, leaving the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz the only surviving line of the House of Mecklenburg.[2]

The House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz itself was on the brink of extinction until 1928 when the only male and head of the House, Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg, adopted and recognised his morganatic nephew, Count George of Carlow, as his heir. The last Grand Duke from the Strelitz line, Adolphus Frederick VI, committed suicide on 23 February 1918 and as his cousin and heir Charles Michel was a national of Russia and so not in Mecklenburg, Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, established a regency in Strelitz until the establishment of a Free State.

Count George was recognised as a Duke of Mecklenburg (Serene Highness) on 18 July 1929 by the head of the Imperial House of Russia, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich, and then five months later on 29 December by Frederick Francis IV. On 18 December 1950 it was announced the style of Highness was recognised for him and the rest of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz family.[3] His position as head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was also confirmed.[4]

Lines of succession in November 1918

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

  • HRH Grand Duke Frederick Francis II (1823–1883)
    • HRH Grand Duke Frederick Francis III (1851–1897)
      • HRH Grand Duke Frederick Francis IV (b. 1882)[5]
        • (1) HRH Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Francis (b. 1910)[5]
        • (2) HH Duke Christian Louis (b. 1912)[5]
    • (3) HH Duke John Albert (b. 1857)[5]
    • (4) HH Duke Adolphus Frederick (b. 1873)[5]
    • (5) HRH Duke Henry, Prince of the Netherlands (b. 1876)[5]
    • (6) HH Duke Paul Frederick (b. 1852)[5]
      • (7) HH Duke Henry Borwin (b. 1885)[5]

Note: On 21 April 1884 Duke Paul Frederick deferred his and his sons rights of succession in favour of his younger brothers and their sons, enabling them to take precedence over him and his.[6][7]

Mecklenburg-Strelitz

  • HRH Grand Duke George (1779–1860)
    • HRH Grand Duke Frederick William (1819–1904)
      • HRH Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick V (1848–1914)
        • HRH Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick VI (1882–1918)
    • HH Duke George August (1824–1876)
      • HH Duke Georg Alexander (1859–1909)
        • Count George of Carlow (b. 1899)
      • (1) HH Duke Charles Michael (b. 1863)[5]

Note: The throne became vacant on 23 February 1918 following the death of Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick VI. The heir to the throne Duke Charles Michael was in Russia at the time.

Current House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz line of succession

  • HH George, Duke of Mecklenburg (1899-1963)
    • HH George Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg (1921-1996)
      • Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg (born 1956)
        • (1) HH Duke Alexander (b. 1991)[2]
        • (2) HH Duke Michael (b. 1994)[2]

 

 

Line of succession to the former Badener throne

In Wikipedia, this article’s name is(was) Line of succession to the former throne of Baden.

note:
As of July 2020.

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

The monarchy in Baden came to an end in 1918 along with the rest of the monarchies that made up the German Empire. The last sovereign was Grand Duke Frederick II who abdicated at Karlsruhe, 14–22 November 1918.[1] The current head of the Grand Ducal House is Maximilian, Margrave of Baden and Duke of Zähringen.

History

Near extinction

In the early 19th century the grand ducal house was on the verge of extinction. By 1817 the only male members of the family were the reigning Grand Duke Charles and his unmarried uncle Prince Louis. In the event that the male line died out the throne would pass to King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. The only alternative to this was for the grand duke to recognise his morganatic uncles Leopold, William and Maximilian, the Counts von Hochberg as dynastic members of the grand ducal family. On 4 October 1817 Grand Duke Charles took this step issuing a new house law recognising his uncles as Princes of Baden. The Hochberg’s right of succession was recognised by the Great Powers on 10 July 1819.[2] The former Count Leopold von Hochberg succeeded as Grand Duke in 1830 and his descendants went on to rule Baden until 1918. By the early 20th century the succession was once again insecure with the future of the dynasty resting on Prince Berthold of Baden.[3]

Kasper Hauser

Main article: Kasper Hauser

According to contemporary rumours – probably current as early as 1829 – Kaspar Hauser was the son of Grand Duke Charles who was born on 29 September 1812, and who, according to known history, had died on 16 October 1812. It was alleged that this prince had been switched with a dying baby, and had subsequently surfaced 16 years later as Kaspar Hauser in Nuremberg. These theories linking him with the princely House of Baden have long since been rejected by professional historians.

Succession law

The succession law is Semi-Salic, with the succession hereditary among the male members. However, in the event of the extinction of the male line the succession could be transmitted to princesses and their descendants.[2]

Line of succession in 1918

  • Leopold I, Grand Duke of Baden (1790-1852)
    • Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (1826-1907)
      • Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden (born 1857)
    • William of Baden (1829-1897)
      • (1) Prince Max of Baden (born 1867)
        • (2) Prince Berthold of Baden (born 1906)

Current line of succession to the headship of the house

  • Leopold I, Grand Duke of Baden (1790-1852)
    • Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (1826-1907)
      • Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden (1857-1928)
    • William of Baden (1829-1897)
      • Maximilian I, Margrave of Baden (1867-1929)
        • Berthold, Margrave of Baden (1906-1963)
          • Maximilian II, Margrave of Baden (born 1933)
            • (1) Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Baden (born 1970)
              • (2) Prince Leopold (born 2002)
              • (3) Prince Friedrich (born 2004)
              • (4) Prince Karl-Wilhelm (born 2006)
            • (5) Prince Leopold (born 1971)
            • (6) Prince Michael (born 1976)
          • (7) Prince Ludwig (born 1937)
            • (8) Prince Berthold (born 1976)