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Line of succession to the former Two-Sicilian throne : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

note:
As of July 2020.

In Wikipedia, this article’s name was Line of succession to the former throne of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
That Wikipedia’s article has deleted by Wikipedians.

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was unified with the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. The headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies has been disputed since the death of claimant Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria on 7 January 1960 between Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro and his descendants and Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria and his descendants. The two current claimants to the former realm of the Two Sicilies are Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro and Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria, both descended in the male line from Charles III of Spain, who succeeded to the crowns of Naples and Sicily in 1734, reigning there until his succession to the throne of Spain with the death of his brother, Ferdinand VI of Spain on 10 August 1759. By the treaties of Vienna of 1738 and Naples of 1759 he was obliged to surrender the thrones of Naples and Sicily to preserve the European balance of power,

The treaties of Vienna and Naples required that King Charles separate the Spanish crown from the Italian sovereignties by designating Don Charles, his second surviving son (the eldest being severely mentally handicapped), as Prince of Asturias, the heir apparent to Spain,[1] while his “Italian sovereignty” would pass immediately to his third son and his descendants in the male line, Infante Don Ferdinand, and then, in the event of the death of the latter without male heirs, to Charles’s younger sons and their descendants, by primogeniture. This new semi-Salic, succession law of the defunct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was laid out by Charles III in the Pragmatic Decree of 6 October 1759, and established a secondogeniture similar to that governing the successions to Tuscany and Modena in the House of Austria. It further stipulated that heirs male of the body of Charles III or, failing males, the female nearest in kinship to the last male in his descent or, that lineage also failing, the heirs male of Charles III’s brothers, would inherit the Italian sovereignty (which meant the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily) but always separate from the Spanish crown and never combined in the same person.[1] Should the male line descended from Charles III’s younger sons fail, the Italian Sovereignty was always to be transferred to the next male dynast in the order of succession who was neither the monarch of Spain nor his declared heir, the Prince of Asturias.[1] Even if Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, whose mother was Princess of Asturias had inherited the Spanish Crown and if he had then succeeded in 1960 as head of the Two Sicilies Royal House, the Pragmatic Decree of 1759 would have still not applied as it refers to the Italian sovereignty and was designed to preserve the balance of power, a concept that no longer existed in the twentieth century.

The succession to the Sovereignty of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George is a separate dignity that descends to the heirs of the Farnese family and is not tied to any sovereignty; it was only held by the reigning Dukes of Parma from 1698 to 1734 and the Kings of Naples and Sicily from 1734-1860. The Apostolic Brief Sincerae Fidei and Imperial diploma of 1699 invested the grand mastership in Francesco Farnese and his family and this was confirmed in the Papal bull Militantis Ecclesiae of 1718, so when Francesco’s brother Antonio died childless in 1731 it was inherited along with Parma by Infante Don Charles of Bourbon and Farnese. When, however, he surrendered Parma to the Emperor in 1736 he retained the grand mastership and control of the Order, and his rights as Grand Master were recognised by his brother Philip who became Duke of Parma in 1748, in several decrees, as did the latter’s son, Ferdinand, Duke of Parma. On 8 March 1796 King Ferdinand IV and III of Naples and Sicily issued a decree which stated that “In his (the king’s) royal person there exists together two very distinct qualities, the one of Monarch of the Two Sicilies, and the other of Grand Master of the illustrious, royal and military Constantinian order, which though united gloriously in the same person form nonetheless at the same time two separate independent Lordships.”[2] Numerous royal and papal acts, declarations by the government of the Order, the statutes of the Order including those of 1934 which governed the succession in 1960, and expert texts written before 1960, were unanimous in confirming that the grand mastership was not united with the crown but a separate dignity, with a different system of succession (absolute Salic law, whereas the Two Sicilies was governed by semi-Salic law). Hence no act concerned only with the succession to the Two Sicilies could have any bearing on the succession to the Constantinian grand mastership, an ecclesiastical office governed by canon law.

Original claim (1861–1960)

King Francis I of the Two Sicilies (1777–1830)
- King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859)
  - King Francis II of the Two Sicilies (born 1836)
  - (1) Prince Louis, Count of Trani (b. 1838)
  - (2) Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (b. 1841)
  - (3) Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti (b. 1846)
  - (4) Prince Pasquale, Count of Bari (b. 1852)
  - (5) Prince Januarius, Count of Caltagirone (b. 1857)
- Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Capua (b. 1811) (renounced succession rights after morganatic marriage)
- (6) Prince Louis, Count of Aquila (b. 1824)
  - (7) Prince Luigi, Count of Roccaguglielma (b. 1845)
  - (8) Prince Filippo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1847)
- (9) Prince Francis, Count of Trapani (b. 1827)
  - (10) Prince Leopoldo of the Two Sicilies (b. 1853)

Calabrian claim (since 1960)

Succession

King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859)
- King Francis II of the Two Sicilies (1836–1894)
- Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (1841–1934)
  - Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria (1869–1960)
  - Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1870–1949)
    - Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria (1901–1964)
      - Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (1938–2015)
        
        Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria (born 1968)
        
        (1) Prince Jaime, Duke of Noto (b. 1993)
        
        (2) Prince Juan of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2003)
        
        (3) Prince Pablo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2004)
        
        (4) Prince Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2007)
  - Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro (1883–1973)
    - Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro (1926–2008)
      - (5) Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro (b. 1963)
  - Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1897–1975)
    - Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1929–2019)
      - (6) Prince François of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1960)
        
        (7) Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2003)
      - (8) Prince Gennaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1966)
    - (9) Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1938)
      - (10) Prince Luís of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1970)
        
        (11) Prince Paulo Afonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2014)
      - (12) Prince Alexander of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1974)

Succession with illegitimate births excluded (even if subsequently legitimized later on)

King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859)
- King Francis II of the Two Sicilies (1836–1894)
- Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (1841–1934)
  - Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria (1869–1960)
  - Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1870–1949)
    - Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria (1901–1964)
      - Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (1938–2015)
        
        Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria (born 1968)
        
        (1) Prince Juan of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2003)
        
        (2) Prince Pablo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2004)
        
        (3) Prince Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2007)
  - Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro (1883–1973)
    - Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro (1926–2008)
      - (4) Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro (b. 1963)
  - Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1897–1975)
    - Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1929–2019)
      - (5) Prince François of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1960)
        
        (6) Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2003)
      - (7) Prince Gennaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1966)
    - (8) Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1938)
      - (9) Prince Luís of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1970)
        
        (10) Prince Paulo Afonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2014)
      - (11) Prince Alexander of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1974)

Castrian line (since 1960)

Succession

King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859)
- King Francis II of the Two Sicilies (1836–1894)
- Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (1841–1934)
  - Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria (1869–1960)
  - Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1870–1949)
  - Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro (1883–1973)
    - Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro (1926–2008)
      - Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro (born 1963)
        
        (1) Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Calabria (b. 2003)[3]
        
        (2) Princess Maria Chiara of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Capri (b. 2005)[3]
  - Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1897–1975)
    - Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1929–2019)
      - (3) Prince François of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1960)
        
        (4) Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2003)
      - (5) Prince Gennaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1966)
    - (6) Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1938)
      - (7) Prince Luís of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1970)
        
        (8) Prince Paulo Afonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2014)
      - (9) Prince Alexander of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1974)

Succession with agnatic primogeniture

King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859)
- King Francis II of the Two Sicilies (1836–1894)
- Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (1841–1934)
  - Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria (1869–1960)
  - Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1870–1949)
  - Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro (1883–1973)
    - Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro (1926–2008)
      - Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro (born 1963)
  - Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1897–1975)
    - Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1929–2019)
      - (1) Prince François of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1960)
        
        (2) Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2003)
      - (3) Prince Gennaro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1966)
    - (4) Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1938)
      - (5) Prince Luís of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1970)
        
        (6) Prince Paulo Afonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 2014)
      - (7) Prince Alexander of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1974)

Attempted reconciliation and continuing dispute (2014–present)

On 25 January 2014, representatives of the two rival branches, Prince Carlo (Castro line) and Prince Pedro, then Duke of Noto (Calabria line), jointly signed a solemn pledge of partial reconciliation in a ceremony in Naples on the occasion of the Beatification of Maria Cristina of Savoy, Queen of the Two Sicilies.[4] The document recognised both branches as members of the same house and royal princes and princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, committed both to pursue further reconciliation and concord, meanwhile recognising the titles then claimed by each branch for the present holders and their descendants.[5]

At the Holy Mass in Saint Peter’s Basilica celebrated in Rome on 14 May 2016, during the International Pilgrimage of the Franco-Neapolitan Constantinian Order of Saint George to Rome and Vatican City, Prince Carlo made public his decision to change the rules of succession. This purported change was made in order to make the rules of succession compatible with international and European law, prohibiting any discrimination between men and women, although this law has never applied to royal successions (and has not been applied by any former reigning house, nor by the Spanish or Liechtenstein reigning houses). He declared that the rule of absolute primogeniture would henceforth apply to his direct descendants, his elder daughter being declared heiress apparent.[3] Prince Pedro publicly protested that Prince Carlo’s declaration not only violated the terms of their reconciliation agreement but that he had no powers to alter the system of succession which was governed by two international treaties as well as by the Pragmatic Decree of Charles III and the last valid Constitution of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Prince Carlo’s response was that further “destabilisation” could lead to termination of the 2014 pact.[6]

In September 2017 Prince Carlo announced his second daughter Princess Maria Chiara, recognised as Duchess of Capri in the reconciliation document, would henceforth hold the additional title of Duchess of Noto.[7] In the reconciliation agreement the respective titles used by each branch were recognised and at the time the Noto title was used by Prince Pedro and following the death of his father by his son Prince Jaime.

Line of succession to the former Mecklenburger thrones

In Wikipedia, this article’s name is(was) Line of succession to the former Mecklenburg thrones.

note:
As of August 2020.

The line of succession to the Mecklenburg thrones was an ordered list of people eligible to succeed to the grand ducal thrones of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The monarchies in both these states were abolished in 1918 following the outbreak of the November Revolution in the German Empire. Today only the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz survives.

Succession

The Grand Duchies law of succession stated that only males could succeed to the total exclusion of females and so this remains the succession law used by the House today.[1] As a result, the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin became extinct in 2001 on the death of the last male of the House, Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, leaving the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz the only surviving line of the House of Mecklenburg.[2]

The House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz itself was on the brink of extinction until 1928 when the only male and head of the House, Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg, adopted and recognised his morganatic nephew, Count George of Carlow, as his heir. The last Grand Duke from the Strelitz line, Adolphus Frederick VI, committed suicide on 23 February 1918 and as his cousin and heir Charles Michel was a national of Russia and so not in Mecklenburg, Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, established a regency in Strelitz until the establishment of a Free State.

Count George was recognised as a Duke of Mecklenburg (Serene Highness) on 18 July 1929 by the head of the Imperial House of Russia, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich, and then five months later on 29 December by Frederick Francis IV. On 18 December 1950 it was announced the style of Highness was recognised for him and the rest of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz family.[3] His position as head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was also confirmed.[4]

Lines of succession in November 1918

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

HRH Grand Duke Frederick Francis II (1823–1883)
- HRH Grand Duke Frederick Francis III (1851–1897)
  - HRH Grand Duke Frederick Francis IV (b. 1882)[5]
    - (1) HRH Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick Francis (b. 1910)[5]
    - (2) HH Duke Christian Louis (b. 1912)[5]
- (3) HH Duke John Albert (b. 1857)[5]
- (4) HH Duke Adolphus Frederick (b. 1873)[5]
- (5) HRH Duke Henry, Prince of the Netherlands (b. 1876)[5]
- (6) HH Duke Paul Frederick (b. 1852)[5]
  - (7) HH Duke Henry Borwin (b. 1885)[5]

Note: On 21 April 1884 Duke Paul Frederick deferred his and his sons rights of succession in favour of his younger brothers and their sons, enabling them to take precedence over him and his.[6][7]

Mecklenburg-Strelitz

HRH Grand Duke George (1779–1860)
- HRH Grand Duke Frederick William (1819–1904)
  - HRH Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick V (1848–1914)
    - HRH Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick VI (1882–1918)
- HH Duke George August (1824–1876)
  - HH Duke Georg Alexander (1859–1909)
    - Count George of Carlow (b. 1899)
  - (1) HH Duke Charles Michael (b. 1863)[5]

Note: The throne became vacant on 23 February 1918 following the death of Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick VI. The heir to the throne Duke Charles Michael was in Russia at the time.

Current House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz line of succession

HH George, Duke of Mecklenburg (1899-1963)
- HH George Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg (1921-1996)
  - Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg (born 1956)
    - (1) HH Duke Alexander (b. 1991)[2]
    - (2) HH Duke Michael (b. 1994)[2]

Prince Jérôme Napoléon : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

note:
As of August 2020.
He is the 1st or 2nd in the line of succession to the former French throne (Bonapartist).

That Wikipedia’s article has deleted by Wikipedians.

Early life and family

Prince Jérôme was born on 14 January 1957 to Prince Louis Napoléon[1] and Alix de Foresta. He is the paternal uncle of the current claimant to the headship of the Bonaparte family, Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon (Napoléon VIII Jean-Christophe). His godfather was Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma.

Marriage

Prince Jérôme was married on 2 September 2013 to Licia Innocenti (b. Baden, Aargau, 1965) in Vandœuvres, Geneva. They do not have any children and live in Switzerland, where he works as a librarian at the University of Geneva.[citation needed]

Line of succession to the former Egyptian throne

note:
As of July 2020.

Under the Muhammad Ali dynasty, the line of succession to the former Egyptian throne was subject to a number of changes during its history. From its founding in 1805 until 1866, the dynasty followed the imperial Ottoman practice of agnatic seniority, whereby the eldest male in any generation would succeed to the throne. In 1866, however, the then Khedive of Egypt Isma’il Pasha obtained a firman from the Ottoman Emperor which restricted the succession to the male-line descendants of Isma’il Pasha. The resulting succession remained in force until the abolition of the Egyptian monarchy in 1953, following the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.

In 1914, however, the British government deposed Khedive Abbas II, the senior descendant of Isma’il, and proclaimed a protectorate over Egypt. His son Muhammad Abdel Moneim lost his place as heir apparent,[1] and the throne passed to the lines of Abbas II’s uncles Hussein Kamel and Fuad I. A Royal Edict of 13 April 1922 specifically excluded Abbas II from the succession, though it stated that “this exception shall not apply to his sons and their progeny.”[2] As a result, the descendants in the male line from Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim remained eligible for the throne and retained a senior position in the order of precedence of the Kingdom of Egypt.[3]

Present line of succession

Isma’il Pasha (1830-1895)
- Muhammad III Tawfiq Pasha (1852-1892)
  - Abbas II Hilmi Pasha (1874-1944)
    - Muhammad Abdul Moneim, Prince Regent of Egypt and the Sudan (1899-1979)
      - (4) Prince Abbas Hilmi (born 1941)
        
        (5) Prince Daoud Abdul-Moneim (born 1979)
- Sultan Hussein Kamil (1853-1917)
- King Fu’ad I (1868-1936)
  - King Faruq I (1920-1965)
    - King Fu’ad II (born 1952)
      - (1) Muhammad Ali, Prince of the Sa’id (born 1979)
        
        (2) Prince Fuad Zaher (born 2017)[4]
      - (3) Prince Fakhr ud-din (born 1987)[citation needed]

Line of succession in June 1953

Isma’il Pasha (1830-1895)
- Muhammad III Tawfiq Pasha (1852-1892)
  - Abbas II Hilmi Pasha (1874-1944)
    - (2) Muhammad Abdul Moneim, Prince Regent of Egypt and the Sudan (born 1899)
      - (3) Prince Abbas Hilmi (born 1941)
  - (1) Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik (born 1875)
- Sultan Hussein Kamil (1853-1917)
- Prince Hassan Ismail (1854-1888)
  - Prince Aziz Hassan (1873-1925)
    - (4) Prince Ismail Aziz Hassan (born 1918)
    - (5) Prince Hassan Aziz Hassan (born 1924)
  - Prince Muhammad Ali Hassan (1884-1945)
    - (6) Prince Muhammad Iz ud-din Hassan (born 1914)
    - (7) Nabil Ismail Izzat Hassan (born 1920)
- King Fu’ad I (1868-1936)
  - King Faruq I (born 1920)
    - King Fu’ad II (born 1952)

Line of succession to the former Afghan throne

note:
As of July 2020.

The Afghan monarchy was abolished by the then-ruling Republican regime on 17 July 1973 by Mohammed Daoud Khan in a bloodless coup d’état.

The current pretender to the defunct throne of Afghanistan is Crown Prince Ahmad Shah.

Law of succession

The succession is determined by Article 16 of the Constitution of 1964, which states, the succession to the throne of Afghanistan shall continue in the house of His Majesty Mohammed Nadir Shah, The Martyr, in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

Present line of succession

King Mohammed Nadir Shah (1883–1933)
- King Mohammed Zahir Shah (1914–2007)
  - Crown Prince Ahmad Shah (b. 1934)
    - (1) Prince Muhammad Zahir Khan (b. 1962)
    - (2) Prince Muhammad Emel Khan (b. 1969)
  - (3) Prince Muhammed Nadir Khan (b. 1941)
    - (4) Prince Mustapha Zahir Khan (b. 1964)
    - (5) Prince Muhammad Daud Khan (b. 1966)
  - (6) Prince Muhammed Daoud Pashtunyar Khan (b. 1949)
    - (7) Prince Duran Daud Khan (b. 1974)
  - (8) Prince Mir Wais Khan (b. 1957)[citation needed]

Line of succession in July 1973

King Mohammed Nadir Shah (1883–1933)
- King Mohammed Zahir Shah (1914–2007)
  - (1) Crown Prince Ahmad Shah (b. 1934)
    - (2) Prince Muhammad Zahir Khan (b. 1962)
    - (3) Prince Muhammad Emel Khan (b. 1963)
  - (4) Prince Muhammed Nadir Khan (b. 1941)
    - (5) Prince Mustapha Zahir Khan (b. 1964)
    - (6) Prince Muhammad Daud Khan (b. 1966)
  - (7) Prince Shah Mahmoud Khan (b. 1946)
  - (8) Prince Muhammed Daoud Pashtunyar Khan (b. 1949)
  - (9) Prince Mir Wais Khan (b. 1957)

Original claim (1861–1960)

Calabrian claim (since 1960)

Succession

Succession with illegitimate births excluded (even if subsequently legitimized later on)

Castrian line (since 1960)

Succession

Succession with agnatic primogeniture

Attempted reconciliation and continuing dispute (2014–present)

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Succession

Lines of succession in November 1918

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Current House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz line of succession

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Early life and family

Marriage

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Present line of succession

Line of succession in June 1953

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Law of succession

Present line of succession

Line of succession in July 1973

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