世界の王室ニュース

It is also the Line of succession to the former Persian throne.

note:
As of July 2020.

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

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The Iranian Monarchy was overthrown following the Islamic Revolution in 1979 with the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi going into exile.

Line of succession to the Pahlavi claim

Under the Pahlavi Dynasty the law of succession stated the Shah must profess the Islamic faith, his mother must be an Iranian citizen, a Muslim and not descended from the previous Qajar dynasty which rules out the sons of Reza Shah by his fifth and sixth wives and their male line descendants. Except Mohammad Reza Shah, only Prince Alireza Pahlavi was eligible among the sons of Reza Shah. With his death, only his sons are eligible. But the mother of Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi (nephew of Mohammad Reza Shah) is not a natural born Iranian citizen, nor the Iranian parliament had approved this legal term (ایرانی الاصل) for her (as opposed to Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt, first wife of Mohammad Reza Shah). As a result Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi is not eligible. Moreover, Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi also married a non-Iranian woman and his sons face the same issue, even if an exception is made for Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi. Thus, Prince Reza Pahlavi is the only remaining eligible person. With his death, nobody can claim the throne even theoretically.[1]

• Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919–1980)
  • Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi (born 1960)

 

 

Given that the modern claim calls for a new constitution, and thus the bylaws need not necessarily be in accordance with the previous constitution in the event the monarchy is restored new succession rules may be established.[2][3][4]

Line of Succession in February 1979

• Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944)
  • Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (born 1919)
    • (1) Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi (b. 1960)
    • (2) Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi (b. 1966)

Line of succession to the Qajar claim

The Qajar dynasty was deposed in 1925 with Reza Shah ascending the Sun Throne. The Iranian Constitution of 1906 set out the succession for princes whose mother is a Qajar princess of Persian descent. Only males are allowed to succeed.[citation needed]

• Muhammad Ali Shah (1872–1924)
  • Ahmad Shah (1898–1930)
  • Muhammad Hassan Mirza, Crown Prince of Persia (1899–1943)
    • Hamid Mirza (1918-1988)
      • Muhammad Hassan Mirza II (born 1949)
        • (1) Prince Arsalan Mirza (born 1980)
  • Prince Sultan Mahmud Mirza (1905–1988)
    • (2) Prince Muhammad Ali Mirza (born 1942)

 

 

note:
As of August 2020.
It is also Line of succession to the former French throne (Unionist) or Line of succession to the French throne (Legitimist-Orléanist).

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

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The Orléanist claimant to the throne of France is Prince Jean, Duke of Vendôme. He is the uncontested heir to the Orléanist position of “King of the French” held by Louis-Philippe, and is also King Charles X’s heir as “King of France” if the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht (by which Philip V of Spain renounced for himself and his agnatic descendants any claim to the French throne) was valid. According to the Family Compact of 1909, only the descendants of the then pretender’s father are considered to be dynasts of the House of France. The founders of the cadet branches of Orleans-Braganza and Orléans-Galliera, by becoming foreigners, are considered under house law to have renounced their rights to the throne.[1] If the current line were to become extinct, the Orleans-Braganza have, however, reserved their right to renew their claims.[1]

Rules explaining the order of succession

Succession under the Ancien Regime

Prior to the Treaty of Utrecht, rules of succession to the crown of France were deemed to have evolved historically and additively, rather than to have been legislated or amended, constituting part of the fundamental laws of the nation.[2][3]

1. Inalienability (or indisposability) of the crown: no one has the power to change the dynastic order.
2. Continuity of the crown: a new ruler succeeds as soon as his predecessor dies; the throne is never vacant
3. Heredity: The crown is hereditary in the House of Capet
4. Primogeniture: The elder son is preferred over the younger; the senior descendant represents his deceased ancestor in the line of succession.
5. Masculinity: The heir must be male.
6. Male collaterality: In the absence of male descendants in the King’s male line, the closest male collateral relative of the King is the heir.
7. Catholicism: the King must be Catholic.
8. Nationality: the heir must be French.[4][5][6]

The succession devolves only upon legally legitimate descendants, born in Catholic marriages. Further, children issuing from marriages expressly forbidden by the king are considered illegitimate.

Treaty of Utrecht and the “defect pérégrinité”

Main article: Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 caused a breach in the traditional rules of succession to the throne of France. It had been opposed by some members of the Parlement of Paris because, in order to prohibit (on threat of resuming Continental war) the union by inheritance of the kingdoms of France and Spain, it required the exclusion of the Spanish Bourbons from the French throne, which potentially conflicted with the principles of indisposability of the crown and male primogeniture. Nonetheless, termination of the eligibility of Philip V of Spain and his heirs male to inherit the French crown, on the one hand, and international recognition of his retention of the crown of Spain on the other, were agreed to by negotiators for France, Spain and the other European powers who crafted and then obtained ratification of the treaty.

Philip officially signed the renunciation of any future claim for himself and his descendants to the crown of France, and the treaty incorporates the effects of his renunciation. That renunciation was formally ratified by King Louis XIV and registered, pursuant to French law, by the Parlement of Paris. Letters patent issued by Louis XIV in 1700 authorising his grandson Philip to leave France to reign as king over Spain while retaining his French nationality and dynastic rights, were officially revoked.[7][8] These modifications were never officially repudiated by the organs of government of France.

For monarchists who considered the Treaty of Utrecht valid, the departure of Philip to Spain in order to assume that kingdom’s crown, and the retention by his heirs of that throne over the next 300 years, intruded the vice de pérégrinité (“flaw of foreignness”) in his dynastic claim to France, excluding himself and his descendants forever from the succession. Finally, Philip’s renunciation meant, they believed, that with the death in 1883 of Henri, Count of Chambord, the House of Orléans had become heirs to the Capetian dynasty’s claim to the crown of France.

Family Compact of 1909

Recognizing the principle of pérégrinité and therefore the impossibility for foreign princes to claim the crown of France,[4][5] the Orléans claimants and their supporters consider excluded from the succession to the throne the foreign descendants of King Louis-Philippe: the Brazilian House of Orléans-Braganza (descendants of the Comte d’Eu) and the Spanish Orléans-Galliera (descendants of Antoine, Duke of Montpensier).[9][10]

The 1909 “Family Compact” (Pacte de Famille) was negotiated between the head of the French branch Philippe, Duke of Orléans and the head of the Brazilian branch Gaston, Comte d’Eu, subsequently signed by the adult males of both branches of the Orléans family, save one (Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres, then the oldest member of the family, who died the following year). It confirms the exclusion of members of the Brazilian branch from the French succession on grounds of pérégrinité.[10] Further, it “takes note” of a written promise given by the Comte d’Eu and his son to refrain from asserting any claim to the French throne and to the position of Head of the House of France until the total extinction of all the other dynastic branches of the House of France (the Montpensiers were already deemed excluded).[10]

Alfred de Gramont alleged in his diary, “L’ami du Prince: Journal of a Novel”, published by Eric Mension Rigau-Fayard in 2011 that this decision was made by the Orléans for two reasons: first, the desire of other dynasts to exclude the Comte d’Eu and the princes of Orléans-Braganza (who were the heirs presumptive to the Empire of Brazil, and after abolition of the monarchy in 1889, pretenders thereto), and second, the influence of French nationalism. However, exclusion from the French succession as a consequence of permanent emigration to Brazil had been acknowledged and accepted in writing by the Comte d’Eu prior to his marriage to the Princess Imperial of Brazil.

Throne of Albania

The Orléans were consistent in applying the nationality requirement, as exemplified by an example involving the prospect of acquisition of yet another throne by a member of the family. Albania was emerging as an independent nation in 1913, and sought an appropriate European prince to whom they might offer their new throne. Apparently an approach was made to the younger brother of the Duke of Orléans, Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier, who responded “There is no crown in the world that could attract me if, to obtain it, I must put into question two titles of which I am rightly proud, that of French citizen and that of French prince. I am resolved to decline any candidacy to the throne of Albania”[11] Eventually, Albania chose Prince William of Wied to wear its crown. He reigned from March to September 1914.

Rulings of 2nd Count of Paris

Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999) had amended the order of succession several times within the House of Orléans. Considering the marriages of his sons Michel and Thibaut without his prior approval as misalliances, the Count of Paris excluded them and their descendants from the royal succession in 1967 and 1973.

Later, in 1984, the Count of Paris also excluded his eldest son, Prince Henri (then known as “Count of Clermont”) from the succession because of his divorce from Duchess Marie Thérèse of Württemberg and civil remarriage with Micaela Cousiño y Quiñones de León, a divorcée. As Head of the House of Orléans, his father considered that by divorcing and remarrying without obtaining prior approval, his eldest son had excluded himself from the order of succession.

Finally, in 1987, the Count of Paris proclaimed his grandson, Prince Jean, as Duke of Vendôme and heir apparent to the claim to the throne in the places of his father (who was demoted to “Count of Mortain”) and of his elder brother, Prince François, who suffered from a mental handicap.

No historical statutory law or precedent was cited as grounds for these changes in the line of succession. Regarding Henri’s second marriage, however, the royal right to exclude (as illegitimate) descendants born of marriages of French dynasts contracted in defiance of the King’s will had been asserted by Louis XIII, both to the Parlement of Paris and to the Church of France, and was officially accepted by both.[12][13] The fundamental laws of the ancien regime had not, however, provided for the exclusion from the succession to the crown of dynasts who married without kingly authorization and their descendants, nor of the mentally ill.

Since 1990 relations between the Count of Paris and his eldest son normalized, and Prince Henri was recognized as reinstated in the line of succession to the crown and restored to his dynastic title, “Count of Clermont”. Clermont’s first wife was accorded the title “Duchess of Montpensier” and retention of her place in the dynasty, while Clermont’s second wife was granted the title “Princess de Joinville” with the style of Royal Highness.

Rulings of third Count of Paris

Becoming the Head of the House of Orléans on his father’s death in 1999, the new Count of Paris and “Duke of France” cancelled the dynastic exclusions imposed by his father. Acknowledging that no one has the power to change the order in succession of a prince of the blood royal of France, he recognised his brother, Prince Michel, Count of Evreux and his male-line descendants, and Robert, Count of La Marche, son of his deceased brother Prince Thibaut, Count of La Marche, as possessing succession rights to the French crown, should it ever be restored.

Nevertheless, the new Count of Paris placed the branch of Prince Michel after that of Prince Jacques in the order of succession. It has been argued, however, that since Michel had “seen the day” after his twin brother Jacques, and French primogeniture historically considered the last child to emerge from the womb as senior in the order of birth to other siblings born following a single confinement, this ruling may have been compliant with the tradition of the ancien régime.[citation needed]

Despite the fact that some Orléanists considered that the severe disabilities of Prince François should exclude him from the line of succession,[14] and his younger brother Vendôme was appointed his permanent legal guardian,[15] their father recognized his eldest son as the “Dauphin”. François, however, died without issue in 2017, thereby rendering moot the “council of regency” the Count of Paris had created to exercise future dynastic authority in his son’s behalf and resolving the public dispute that decision had evoked within the family: In January 2018 the Count of Paris recognized the Duke of Vendôme as his rightful successor.[15]

Order of succession

• Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)
  • Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France (1933–2019)
    • Jean, Count of Paris (born 1965) ^{P G E}
      • (1) Prince Gaston of Orléans (born 2009) ^E
      • (2) Prince Joseph of Orléans (born 2016)
    • (3) Prince Eudes, Duke of Angoulême (born 1968) ^{P G}
      • (4) Prince Pierre of Orléans (born 2003)[16]
  • (5) Prince Jacques, Duke of Orléans (born 1941) ^{P G}
    • (6) Prince Charles Louis, Duke of Chartres (born 1972) ^{P G}
      • (7) Prince Philippe, Duke of Valois (born 1998) ^{P G}
      • (8) Prince Constantin of Orléans (born 2003)[17]
    • (9) Prince Foulques, Duke of Aumale, Count of Eu (born 1974) ^{P G}
  • (10) Prince Michel, Count of Évreux (born 1941) ^{P G}
    • (11) Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou (born 1973) ^G
    • (12) Prince François, Count of Dreux (born 1982) ^G
      • (13) Prince Philippe of Orléans (born 2017)
  • Prince Thibaut, Count of La Marche (1948-1983)
    • (14) Prince Robert, Count of La Marche (born 1976) ^{P G}

 

 

(Superscript letters are placed after a name to indicate the source of the person and his place in the order of succession as of that source’s date:

^P listed by Le Comte de Paris et sa Descendance 1998, Charenton, France: Philippe de Montjouvent, ISBN 2-913211-00-3, p. 9

^G listed by Le Petit Gotha, 2002, Paris: Chantal de Badts de Cugnac and Guy Coutant de Saisseval, ISBN 2-9507974-3-1

^E listed by European Royal History Journal, Issue LXXII, December 2009, East Richmond Heights, California: Arturo Beeche, pp. 34-36)

Line of Succession in February 1848

• Louis Philippe I of France (born 1773)
  • Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1810-1842)
    • (1) Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (born 1838)
    • (2) Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres (born 1840)
  • (3) Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours (born 1814)
    • (4) Prince Gaston, Count of Eu (born 1842)
    • (5) Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon (born 1844)
  • (6) Prince François, Prince of Joinville (born 1818)
    • (7) Prince Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre (born 1845)
  • (8) Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale (born 1822)
    • (9) Prince Louis, Prince of Condé (born 1845)

Louis Philippe’s youngest son, Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, married a Spanish princess in 1846 and thus removed himself from the line of succession to the French throne.

note:
As of August 2020.

See also:
Line of succession to the former Monarchical throne and others : From (deleted) Wikipedia’s articles.

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The succession order to the throne of the Romanian monarchy, abolished since 1947, was regulated by the monarchical constitution of 1938, suspended by the Royal Law Decree no. 3052 of September 1940 and the 1884 Law of the Romanian Royal House Rules enacted pursuant to the 1866 Constitution of Romania which had confirmed the enthronement of Prince Karl (Carol) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. The 1938 Constitution stipulated Salic law, according to which the throne was hereditary in King Carol I’s legitimate descent and, if his male issue failed, in the descent of his brothers of the Sigmaringen princely branch of the House of Hohenzollern, according to agnatic primogeniture and to the perpetual exclusion of females and their descendants. The last monarch to reign in Romania was King Michael I, who was born in 1921, abdicated his throne on 30 December 1947 under coercion,[1][2][3] and went into exile in Switzerland. He died on 5 December 2017 in Aubonne, Switzerland.

Present situation

The last King, Michael I, had no sons, nor are there any undisputed legitimate male-line male descendants of the previous kings of Romania.

There are male line descendants of King Carol II: Paul of Romania (b. 1948), his son Carol Ferdinand (b. 2010), and Alexandru Hohenzollern (b. 1961). Paul and Alexandru are the sons of Mircea Carol Hohenzollern, also known as Mircea Carol Grigore of Romania (according to his Romanian birth certificate).[4][5] Mircea Carol (8 August 1920 – 27 January 2006) is the issue of King Carol II’s first marriage to Zizi Lambrino, which marriage had been declared null and void on 18 January 1919 by a Romanian court.[6] In 1955, however, a Portuguese court declared Mircea Carol as former King Carol II’s legitimate son, a ruling later confirmed by a Parisian court[citation needed]. The court rulings allowed him to bear the surname Hohenzollern and to inherit a portion of his father’s properties, but did not confer upon him any dynastic rights to the defunct Romanian throne or rights to bear a princely title and style, despite his use of both.[7] In October 1995 a Romanian court ruling also recognized Mircea Carol as a legitimate son of Carol II, allowing him the right to bear the surname “al României”, a ruling which evoked some speculation that called into question the status of Michael.[8] The court ruling was cited by Paul to assert a right to the title “Prince”.[5] The argument which appears prevalent is that Mircea Carol’s sons would not be entitled to succession rights, due to the non-dynastic nature of their grandparents’ marriage.[6] Moreover, Mircea Carol never claimed any right to the Romanian throne,[9] unlike his son, Paul.

Following King Michael’s abdication, the line of succession was discussed during a meeting between Michael, his uncle Prince Nicholas of Romania, and Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern (1891–1965). Shortly after this meeting, the spokesman of Carol II, in an interview with the French paper Le Figaro, said that Carol, who was not in contact with Michael, strongly supported Prince Frederick, additionally asserting that Michael would never regain the throne.[10]

According to the succession provisions of the kingdom’s suspended constitution, that of 1938, agnatic primogeniture and so-called “Salic law” determine who would inherit the throne. After two intervening changes of regime, that constitution no longer carries legal weight, although the 1884 Law of Romanian Royal House Rules was never abrogated.[11] It must also be said that the remaining current German Hohenzollerns in the succession line descend from the previously mentioned Prince Frederick and his brother Prince Franz Joseph, the sons of Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (Wilhelm’s father, Prince Leopold renounced his rights in 1880), who renounced his rights to the Romanian throne, on 20 December 1886,[12] in favor of his younger brother, the future King Ferdinand.[13]

Male-preference primogeniture

On 30 December 2007, the 60th anniversary of his loss of the throne, the former King Michael issued the Fundamental Rules of the Royal House of Romania.[14] in which he again appealed to the Romanian Parliament to alter the Salic Law of succession, should the Romanian nation and Parliament consider restoring the monarchy in the future,[14] and calling for the first in line of succession to be Michael’s eldest daughter, newly titled “Crown Princess of Romania” and “Custodian of the Romanian Crown”. This decree was explicitly based on “the values of Romanian society” and on EU legislation, specifically the European Convention on Human Rights (which, however, does not guarantee any right to reign as a monarch in any country). The document clarifies the order of inheritance of Michael’s fortune and claim to the Romanian throne. The private castles of the former monarch in Romania – Săvârșin and Pelișor – are to be held by the successor in this line.

It is an act with eminently symbolic importance in the absence of its approval by the Parliament,[11][15] and the declaration is alleged by some to be undemocratic.[16]

It also attempts to replace the 1884 Statutory Law. According to this private statute Michael had, in 1997, already designated his oldest child (Margareta) as successor to “all” his “prerogatives and rights”, indicating his desire for a gender-blind succession to the throne.[17][18] Only the Parliament could amend the succession rules together with the Constitution in which they had been included, assuming the monarchy were first restored.

The line of succession, as published in Addendum I of the 2007 Statute, modified by Michael in 2014 to remove his daughter Irina and her children and grandchildren,[19] and then modified again in 2015 to remove his grandson Nicholas,[20] consists of:[14]

• King Michael I (1921–2017)
  • Princess Margareta (born 1949)
  • (1) Princess Elena (b. 1950)
    • (2) Elisabeta Karina de Roumanie Medforth-Mills (b. 1989)
  • (3) Princess Sophie (b. 1957)
    • (4) Elisabeta Maria de Roumanie Biarneix (b. 1999)
  • (5) Princess Marie (b. 1964)

 

 

As the above list exhausts all the dynastic members of the present Royal House of former king Michael I, the line would not continue with the German Hohenzollerns mentioned above. In fact, this private Statute through Addendum I, explicitly allows only direct descendants of King Michael as dynasts; unlike the old succession rules, the German Hohenzollerns are no longer mentioned as potential dynasts. Contrary to a specific provision of the 1923 Constitution, the private Statute bars from the succession any prince from another, foreign dynasty.

According to the former President of Romania Traian Băsescu, who does not appreciate Crown Princess Margareta’s husband,[21] the Romanians seem to think that were the monarchy restored, Radu would become their king (king consort), something which, according to Băsescu, impacts negatively the Romanians’ public perception of the idea of monarchy.[22][23]

Succession by Salic law

• Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern (1835–1905)
  • Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1864–1927)[12]
    • Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern (1891–1965)
      • Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1924–2010)
        • Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern (born 1952)
          • (1) Alexander, Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern (b. 1987)
        • (2) Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern (b. 1954)
        • (3) Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern (b. 1960)
          • (4) Prince Aloys of Hohenzollern (b. 1999)
          • (5) Prince Fidelis of Hohenzollern (b. 2001)
      • Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (1932–2016)
        • (6) Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern (b. 1962)
          • (7) Prince Nicolas of Hohenzollern (b. 1999)
        • (8) Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern (b. 1966)
      • (9) Prince Ferfried of Hohenzollern (b. 1943)
    • Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern (1891–1964)
      • Prince Emanuel of Hohenzollern (1929–1999)
        • (10) Prince Carl Alexander of Hohenzollern (b. 1970)
  • King Ferdinand I (1865–1927)
    • King Carol II (1893–1953)
      • Carol Lambrino (1920–2006) ^X
        • Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern (b. 1948) ^X
          • Carol Ferdinand (b. 2010) ^X
        • Alexander Hohenzollern (b. 1961) ^X
      • King Michael I (1921–2017)

Notes:

^X Excluded due to the annulment of Carol II’s marriage to Zizi Lambrino.

 

 

In case of the extinction without any direct male heirs of all eligible Hohenzollerns or of their refusal to accept the throne, according to article 35 of the last royal Constitution of Romania from 1938,[24] the throne becomes vacant. In this situation, article 35 provided that the last reigning king had the right to nominate a foreign prince from a reigning dynasty of Western Europe as successor, subject to the Parliament’s approval as required by article 36. The Parliament incurs the final responsibility, according to article 36, of electing a king from a reigning dynasty of Western Europe if, prior to his investiture, he had committed to raise his descendants in the Eastern Orthodox faith to comply with article 34 of the Constitution.

In 1997, Romanian monarchist leaders asked former King Michael to designate a male heir presumptive from the German branch of the family, in keeping with the rules of the last royal constitution. Under the influence of his wife Anne, the former King rejected the request and, at the end of 1997, he illegally designated his first born, Princess Margarita, as heir presumptive.[25]

In a 2009 interview, Karl Friedrich, then Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern, stated that he was not interested in the Romanian throne.[26]

Line of Succession in December 1947

• Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern (1835–1905)
  • Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1864–1927)[12]
    • (2) Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern (b. 1891)
      • (3) Friedrich Wilhelm, Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern (b. 1924)
      • (4) Prince Franz Josef of Hohenzollern (b. 1926)
      • (5) Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (b. 1932)
      • (6) Prince Ferfried of Hohenzollern (b. 1943)
    • (7) Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern (b. 1891)
      • (8) Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern (b. 1922)
      • (9) Prince Meinrad Leopold of Hohenzollern (b. 1925)
      • (10) Prince Emanuel of Hohenzollern (b. 1929)
  • King Ferdinand I (1865–1927)
    • King Carol II (b. 1893)
      • Carol Lambrino (b. 1920) ^X
      • King Michael I (b. 1921)
    • (1) Prince Nicholas of Romania (1903-1978)
  • Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern (1868–1919)
    • (11) Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern (1898-1977)
      • (12) Prince Godehard of Hohenzollern (1939-2001)